Manganese

25

Mn

54.938045(

  • Name: Manganese
  • Symbol: Mn
  • Atomic number: 25
  • Atomic weight: 54.938045(
  • CAS Registry ID: 7439-96-5
  • Group name: (none)
  • Period number: 4
  • Block: d-block
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Description

Manganese is a transition metal that has a silvery grey white metallic color in its natural solid state. It is a hard, brittle, element that is easily oxidized. Manganese has an atomic weight of 54.938045, a melting point of 2275 °F, and a boiling point of 3742 °F. Some common uses of manganese include: as a component in metallic alloys, as a dioxide used to produced oxygen and chlorine, for use in iron and steel production, and as an ingredient in some types of stainless steel.

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Isolation

Manganese is found freely in nature, but there are isolation processes that are used to isolate manganese for industrial purposes.

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Manganese that is isolated comes from minerals such as pyrolusite, (MnO2), and rhodochrosite, (MnCO3). Pyrolusite is a mineral which is composed mainly of manganese dioxide, and rhodochrosite is a mineral composed of manganese carbonate.

Magnesium was first isolated by using electrolysis on manganese chloride; the electrolysis process was carried out by placing the manganese chloride in a porous cell which was surrounded by hydrochloric acid in a carbon crucible.

Other reduction methods reduce manganese fluoride through using the metal sodium. The thermite process has been used to isolate manganese from pyrolusite by heating the mineral in proportion with 30% sulphuric acid; manganous oxide is produced after this process through heating, cooling, and heating steps using aluminum in the final step. Lime and fluorspar is used as the flux in this process. Another isolation method isolates a very pure form of manganese by reducing manganese and mercury containing alloys, or amalgams, with hydrogen.


General
Name Manganese
Symbol Mn
Number 25
Chemical series transition metals
Group 7
Period 4
Block d
Appearance silvery metallic
Standard atomic weight 54.938045(5) g·mol−1
Electron configuration [Ar] 4s2 3d5
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 15
Atomic properties
Crystal structure cubic A12
Oxidation states 7, 6, 4, 2, 3 (oxides: acidic, basic or amphoteric)
Electronegativity 1.55 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies 1st: 717.3 kJ·mol−1
(more) 2nd: 1509.0 kJ·mol−1
(more) 3rd: 3248 kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius 140 pm
Atomic radius (calc.) 161 pm
Covalent radius 139 pm
Van der Waals radius
Physical properties
Phase solid
Density (near r.t.) 7.21 g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p. 5.95 g·cm−3
Melting point 1519 K (1246 °C, 2275 °F)
Boiling point 2334 K (2061 °C, 3742 °F)
Critical point
Heat of fusion 12.91 kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization 221 kJ·mol−1
Heat capacity (25 °C) 26.32 J·mol−1·K−1
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering paramagnetic
Electrical resistivity (20 °C) 1.44 µΩ·m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) 7.81 W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion (25 °C) 21.7 µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod) (20 °C) 5150 m/s
Young's modulus 198 GPa
Shear modulus
Bulk modulus 120 GPa
Poisson ratio
Mohs hardness 6.0
Vickers hardness
Brinell hardness 196 MPa
CAS registry number 7439-96-5

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